Gerunds and
infinitives are verb forms that can take the place of a noun in a sentence. The
following guidelines and lists will help you figure out whether a gerund or
infinitive is needed.
Following a verb (gerund or infinitive)
Both gerunds
and infinitives can replace a noun as the object of a verb. Whether you use a
gerund or an infinitive depends on the main verb in the sentence. Consult the
lists below to find out which form to use following which verbs.
I expect
to have the report done by Friday.
|
[INFINITIVE]
|
I anticipate
having the report done by Friday.
|
[GERUND]
|
Some common verbs followed by a gerund (note that
phrasal verbs, marked here with *, always fall into this category):
acknowledge
|
She acknowledged
receiving assistance.
|
* accuse
of
|
He was
accused of smuggling contraband goods.
|
admit
|
They admitted
falsifying the data.
|
advise
|
The author
advises undertaking further study.
|
anticipate
|
He anticipates
having trouble with his supervisor.
|
appreciate
|
I appreciated
having a chance to read your draft.
|
avoid
|
He avoided
answering my question.
|
complete
|
I finally completed
writing my thesis.
|
consider
|
They will consider
granting you money.
|
defer
|
She deferred
writing her report.
|
delay
|
We delayed
reporting the results until we were sure.
|
deny
|
They denied
copying the information.
|
discuss
|
They discussed
running the experiments again.
|
entail
|
This
review procedure entails repeating the test.
|
* look
after
|
He will look
after mailing the tickets.
|
* insist
on
|
He insisted
on proofreading the article again.
|
involve
|
This
procedure involves testing each sample twice.
|
justify
|
My results
justify taking drastic action.
|
mention
|
The author
mentions seeing this event.
|
* plan on
|
They had planned
on attending the conference.
|
postpone
|
The
committee has postponed writing the report.
|
recall
|
I cannot recall
getting those results before.
|
resent
|
He resented
spending so much time on the project.
|
recommend
|
She recommends
reading Marx.
|
resist
|
The writer
resists giving any easy answers.
|
risk
|
She risks
losing her viewing time.
|
sanction
|
They will
not sanction copying without permission.
|
suggest
|
I suggest
repeating the experiment.
|
* take
care of
|
He will take
care of sending it to you.
|
tolerate
|
She can't tolerate
waiting for results.
|
Some common verbs followed by an infinitive:
afford
|
We cannot afford
to hesitate.
|
agree
|
The
professors agreed to disagree.
|
appear
|
The
results appear to support your theory.
|
arrange
|
They had arranged
to meet at noon.
|
beg
|
I beg
to differ with you.
|
care
|
Would you care
to respond?
|
claim
|
She claims
to have new data.
|
consent
|
Will you consent
to run for office?
|
decide
|
When did
he decide to withdraw?
|
demand
|
I demand
to see the results of the survey.
|
deserve
|
She deserves
to have a fair hearing.
|
expect
|
The
committee expects to decide by tomorrow.
|
fail
|
The trial failed
to confirm his hypothesis.
|
hesitate
|
I hesitate
to try the experiment again.
|
hope
|
What do
you hope to accomplish?
|
learn
|
We have learned
to proceed with caution.
|
manage
|
How did
she manage to find the solution?
|
neglect
|
The author
neglected to provide an index.
|
need
|
Do we need
to find new subjects?
|
offer
|
We could offer
to change the time of the meeting.
|
plan
|
They had planned
to attend the conference.
|
prepare
|
He was not
prepared to give a lecture.
|
pretend
|
I do not pretend
to know the answer.
|
promise
|
They promise
to demonstrate the new equipment.
|
refuse
|
She refused
to cooperate any longer.
|
seem
|
Something seems
to be wrong with your design.
|
struggle
|
We struggled
to understand her point of view.
|
swear
|
He swears
to tell the truth.
|
threaten
|
The team threatened
to stop their research.
|
volunteer
|
Will you volunteer
to lead the group?
|
wait
|
We could
not wait to hear the outcome.
|
want
|
She did
not want to go first.
|
wish
|
Do you wish
to participate?
|
Following a preposition (gerund only)
Gerunds can
follow a preposition; infinitives cannot.
Can you
touch your toes without bending your knees?
He was fined
for driving over the speed limit.
She got the
money by selling the car.
A corkscrew
is a tool for taking corks out of bottles.
Note: Take care
not to confuse the preposition "to" with an infinitive form, or with
an auxiliary form such as have to, used to, going to
He went
back to writing his paper.
|
[PREPOSITION
+ GERUND]
|
I used
to live in Mexico.
|
[AUXILIARY
+ VERB]
|
I want
to go home.
|
[VERB +
INFINITIVE]
|
Following an indirect object (infinitive only)
Some verbs
are followed by a pronoun or noun referring to a person, and then an
infinitive. Gerunds cannot be used in this position.
Some common verbs followed by an indirect object plus
an infinitive:
ask
|
I must ask
you to reconsider your statement.
|
beg
|
They begged
her to stay for another term.
|
cause
|
His
findings caused him to investigate further.
|
challenge
|
Wilkins challenged
Watson to continue the research.
|
convince
|
Can we convince
them to fund our study?
|
encourage
|
She encouraged
him to look beyond the obvious.
|
expect
|
They did
not expect us to win an award.
|
forbid
|
The author
forbade me to change his wording.
|
force
|
They
cannot force her to reveal her sources.
|
hire
|
Did the
department hire him to teach the new course?
|
instruct
|
I will instruct
her to prepare a handout.
|
invite
|
We invite
you to attend the ceremony.
|
need
|
They need
her to show the slides.
|
order
|
He ordered
the group to leave the building.
|
persuade
|
Can we persuade
you to contribute again?
|
remind
|
Please remind
him to check the references.
|
require
|
They will require
you to submit an outline.
|
teach
|
We should teach
them to follow standard procedures.
|
tell
|
Did she tell
him to make three copies?
|
urge
|
I urge
you to read the instructions before you begin.
|
want
|
I do not want
you to have an accident.
|
warn
|
Why didn't
they warn me to turn down the heat?
|
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar